Geochemistry of Marine Sediments
| Preis: | 85.95 EUR* (inkl. MWST zzgl. Versand - Preis kann jetzt höher sein!) |
| Versand: | 0.00 EUR Versandkostenfrei innerhalb von Deutschland |
| Partner: | buecher.de |
| Hersteller: | Princeton University Press (Burdige, David J.) |
| Stand: | 2015-08-04 03:50:33 |
Produktbeschreibung
The processes occurring in surface marine sediments have a profound effect on the local and global cycling of many elements. This graduate text presents the fundamentals of marine sediment geochemistry by examining the complex chemical, biological, and physical processes that contribute to the conversion of these sediments to rock, a process known as early diagenesis. Research over the past three decades has uncovered the fact that the oxidation of organic matter deposited in sediment acts as a causative agent for many early diagenetic changes. Summarizing and discussing these findings and providing a much-needed update to Robert Berner´s Early Diagenesis: A Theoretical Approach, David J. Burdige describes the ways to quantify geochemical processes in marine sediment. By doing so, he offers a deeper understanding of the cycling of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, along with important metals such as iron and manganese. No other book presents such an in-depth look at marine sediment geochemistry. Including the most up-to-date research, a complete survey of the subject, explanatory text, and the most recent mathematical formulations that have contributed to our greater understanding of early diagenesis, Geochemistry of Marine Sediments will interest graduate students of geology, geochemistry, and oceanography, as well as the broader community of earth scientists. It is poised to become the standard text on the subject for years to come. Table of contents: Preface xv Common Abbreviations and Symbols xvii CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1 CHAPTER TWO: The Components of Marine Sediments 5 2.1 Detrital Components 5 2.2 Biogenic Components 8 2.2.1 Biogenic Carbonates 9 2.2.2 Biogenic Silica 10 2.2.3 Distribution of Biogenic Components in Marine Sediments 10 2.3 Authigenic Minerals 12 2.3.1 Nonbiogenic Carbonates 13 2.3.2 Mn Crusts, Layers, and Nodules 13 2.3.3 Phosphorites 14 2.3.4 Sulfides 15 2.4 Clays and Clay Minerals 15 2.4.1 Distribution of Clay Minerals in Surface Marine Sediments 18 2.4.2 Ion Exchange/Adsorption 20 2.5 The Classification of Marine Sediments and Sedimentary Regimes 24 CHAPTER THREE: Isotope Geochemistry 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Principles of Isotope Fractionation 28 3.2.1 Terminology 30 3.2.2 Equilibrium Isotope Exchange Reactions 31 3.3 Isotope Fractionation in Inorganic Materials in Nature 32 3.3.1 Isotope Fractionation in the Hydrosphere and in Ice Cores 32 3.3.2 Isotope Fractionation during Clay Mineral Formation 34 3.3.3 Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes in Calcite 35 3.4 Carbon Isotopes in Organic Matter 36 3.4.1 Photosynthesis 37 3.4.2 Respiration (Early Diagenesis in Sediments) 38 3.5 Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes in Sediment Pore-Waters 38 3.5.1 Carbon Isotopes 38 3.5.2 Oxygen Isotopes 39 3.6 Nitrogen Isotopes 39 3.7 Sulfur Isotopes 40 3.8 Radioactive Isotopes 40 3.8.1 Basic Principles 40 3.8.2 Radiocarbon 43 CHAPTER FOUR: Physical Properties of Sediments 46 4.1 Grain Size 46 4.2 Porosity and Sediment Density 47 4.3 Permeability 55 CHAPTER FIVE: An Introduction to Transport Processes in Sediments 59 5.1 Diffusion 59 5.2 Sediment Accumulation, Steady State,and the Frame of Reference for Processes in Marine Sediments 61 5.3 An Introduction to Bioturbation and Bioirrigation 65 5.4 Time and Space Scales of Sediment Processes 67 5.5 The Classification of Marine Sediments on the Basis of Their Functional Diagenetic Characteristics 70 CHAPTER SIX: Models of Sediment Diagenesis 72 6.1 The General Diagenetic Equation 72 6.1.1 Diffusion 74 6.1.2 Advection, Sediment Compaction, and Bioturbation 78 6.1.3 Adsorption 83 6.2 Solutions to the Diagenetic Equation 84 6.2.1 Boundary Conditions 86 6.3 Solutions to Specific Diagenetic Equations 87 6.3.1 Organic Matter Remineralization without Bioturbation 88 6.3.2 Organic Matter Remineralization with Bioturbation 89 6.3.3 Organic Matter Remineralization Coupled to Sulfate Reduction 91 6.3.4 Ammonium Production in Anoxic Sediments 92 6.3.5 Determination of Sediment Accumulation Rates 95 CHAPTER SEVEN Biogeochemical Processes in Sediments 97 7.1 Bacterial Metabolism: General Considerations 98 7.2 Bacterial Respiration and Biogeochemical Zonation in Sediments 99 7.3 Bacterial Respiration: Specific Processes 105 7.3.1 Aerobic Respiration 105 7.3.2 Denitrification 105 7.3.3 Manganese and Iron Reduction 107 7.3.4 Sulfate Reduction 110 7.3.5 Methanogenesis 111 7.4 Chemolithotrophic Reactions 114 7.4.1 Aerobic Processes 114 7.4.2 Anaerobic Processes 116 7.4.3 Linkages
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